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Coma Information                                                        
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How Do Doctors "Treat" Coma Patients?
There is no one treatment that can cause someone to come out of a coma. Treatments can prevent further physical and neurological damage, however.

First, doctors ensure that the patient isn't in immediate danger of dying. This may require placing a tube in the patient's windpipe through the mouth, and hooking up the patient to a breathing machine, or ventilator. If there are other serious or life-threatening injuries to the rest of the body they will be dealt with in order of decreasing severity. If excess pressure in the brain caused the coma, doctors can relieve it by surgically placing a tube inside the skull and draining the fluid. A procedure called hyperventilation, which increases the rate of breathing to constrict blood vessels in the brain, can also relieve pressure. The doctor may also give the patient medication to prevent seizures. If a drug overdose or condition such as very low blood sugar is responsible for the coma, doctors attempt to correct this as soon as possible. Patients with acute ischemic strokes may undergo procedures or receive special clot-busting medication in an effort to restore blood flow to the brain.

Doctors may use imaging studies, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or computed tomography (CT) scans, to look inside the brain and identify a tumor, pressure, and any signs of damage to the brain tissue. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a test used to detect any abnormalities in the brain's electrical activity. This can also show brain tumors, infections, and other conditions that might have caused the coma. If the doctor suspects an infection such as meningitis, he may perform a spinal tap to make the diagnosis. To perform this test, a doctor inserts a needle into the patient's spine and removes a sample of cerebrospinal fluid for testing.
Once the patient is stable, doctors will concentrate on keeping him or her as healthy as possible. Coma patients are susceptible to pneumonia and other infections. Many comatose patients stay in the hospital's intensive care unit (ICU), where doctors and nurses can continually monitor them. People who are in a coma for a long time may receive physical therapy to prevent long-term muscle damage. Nurses will also move them periodically to prevent bedsores -- painful skin wounds caused by lying in one position for too long.

Because patients who are in a coma can't eat or drink on their own, they receive nutrients and liquids through a vein or feeding tube so that they don't starve or dehydrate. Coma patients may also receive electrolytes -- salt and other substances that help regulate body processes.

If a coma patient continues to be dependent on a ventilator to breathe, they may receive a special tube that goes directly into their windpipe through the front of the throat (a tracheotomy). The tracheotomy tube can be left in place for extended periods of time because it requires less maintenance and does not injure the soft tissues of the oral cavity and upper throat. Because patients who are in a coma can't urinate on their own, they will have a rubber tube called a catheter inserted directly into their bladder to remove the urine.
We'll learn how people recover from coma next.

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Difficult Decisions
 Watching a spouse or family member in a coma or vegetative state is difficult enough, but when the condition persists for a long time, the family may have to make some very difficult decisions. In cases where people do not recover quickly, the families must decide whether to keep their loved one on a ventilator and feeding tube indefinitely, or to remove these aids and allow the person to die.

If the person in question has written up an advanced medical directive (also known as a "living will") that decision is much easier, because family members can simply follow his or her wishes. In the absence of a living will, the family must carefully consult with doctors to determine what's best for the patient.

In several cases, that decision has been contentious enough to wind up in court -- and in the headlines. In 1975, 21-year-old Karen Ann Quinlan suffered severe brain damage and ended up in a persistent vegetative state after ingesting a dangerous combination of sedatives and alcohol. Her family went to court to have Karen's feeding tube and respirator removed. In 1976, a court in New Jersey assented. However, Karen began to breathe on her own after doctors removed her respirator. She lived until 1985, when she died of pneumonia.

A recent case spawned an even bigger court battle that reached all the way to the highest executive office. In 1990, Terri Schiavo's heart temporarily stopped beating due to complications from bulimia. She suffered severe brain damage and fell into a persistent vegetative state. Her husband and parents went to court to fight over whether to have her feeding tube removed. Their dispute made its way to Congress, and even drew the attention of President George W. Bush. Eventually, the feeding tube was removed. Terri died in March 2005.

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How Do People "Come Out" of Comas?
How fast a person comes out of a coma depends on what caused it and the severity of the damage to the brain. If the cause was a metabolic problem such as diabetes, and doctors treat it with medication, he can come out of the coma relatively quickly. Many patients who overdose on drugs or alcohol also can recover once the substance clears their system. A massive brain injury or brain tumor can be more difficult to treat, and can lead to a much longer or irreversible coma.
Most comas don't last more than two to 4 weeks. Recovery is usually gradual, with patients becoming more and more aware over time. They may be awake and alert for only a few minutes the first day, but gradually stay awake for longer and longer periods. Research shows that a comatose patient's outcome relates very closely to his or her Glasgow Coma Scale score. The majority of people (87 percent) who score a three or a four on the scale within the first 24 hours of going into a coma are likely to either die or remain in a vegetative state. On the other end of the scale, about 87 percent of those who score between 11 and 15 are likely to make a good recovery.

Some people come out of a coma without any mental or physical disability, but most require at least some type of therapy to regain mental and physical skills. They may need to relearn how to speak, walk, and even eat. Others are never able to recover completely. They may regain some functions (such as breathing and digestion) and transition into a vegetative state, but will never respond to stimuli.

There are hundreds of causes of coma as listed below, so the following is an over-simplification that most comas are caused by 2 major conditions:

#1. Trauma, or physical injury -- this can be determined with MRI, etc.

#2. Biochemical, drug, toxin-related due to imbalances of chemicals in the body -- this can be determined with blood/hormone tests.

For #1, if coma persists, there may be internal bleeding that the MRI is not picking up. If so, you'll need to push for more MRI-type tests. But they may resist doing the extra tests because of the cost.

For #2, if coma persists, they may be missing something in the blood/hormone tests. If so, you'll need to push for more blood/hormone-type tests. But they may resist doing the extra tests because of the cost.

Question: So, which condition does you mother have? If the doctors don't know, you need to push for more tests. Unfortunately, some tests may do more harm than good, so ensure you understand the risks for any tests that are performed.

You mentioned that your mother has constant falls plus she has diabetes and has had several mini-strokes. Plus, she had a fever, where they gave her Tylenol? But what was the cause of the fever? An infection maybe?

Constant falls and mini-strokes can lead to some kind of damage to the brain even though the MRI may not be showing it. A mini-stroke is a stroke although not as dangerous -- but a series of mini-strokes can be just as dangerous if ignored over time.

A type of stroke, called an ischemic stroke, can also lead to a coma. This stroke occurs when an artery that supplies the brain with blood is blocked. The blockage starves the brain of blood and oxygen. If it is very large, the person can fall into a coma.

In people with diabetes, the body does not produce enough of the hormone insulin. Because insulin helps cells use glucose for energy, a lack of the hormone causes blood glucose levels to rise (hyperglycemia). Conversely, when insulin isn't in the right proportion, blood sugar can drop too low (hypoglycemia). If the blood sugar is either extremely high or low, it can cause a person to fall into a diabetic coma.

Comas can also be caused by brain tumors, alcohol or drug overdoses, seizure disorders, lack of oxygen to the brain (such as from drowning) or extremely high blood pressure.

A person can become comatose immediately or gradually. If an infection or other illness causes the coma, for example, the person might run a high fever, feel dizzy or seem lethargic before falling into a coma. If the cause is a stroke or severe head trauma, they can become comatose almost immediately.  

If a person suffers severe head trauma (i.e. from a fall), the impact can cause the brain to move back and forth inside the skull. The movement of the brain inside the skull can tear blood vessels and nerve fibers, which causes swelling in the brain (but the swelling may be undetectable or overlooked). This swelling presses down on blood vessels, blocking the flow of blood (and with it, oxygen) to the brain. The oxygen- and blood-starved parts of the brain begin to die.

Some infections of the brain and spinal cord (such as encephalitis or meningitis) can also cause swelling in the brain. Conditions that cause an excess of blood inside the brain or skull, such a skull fracture or a burst aneurysm, can also lead to swelling and further brain injury.

Please Note: In reality, coma survival rates are 50 percent or less, and less than 10 percent of people who come out of a coma completely recover from it. Comas as seen on TV can lead to unrealistic expectations by the families and loved ones of people who are in a real-life coma.

Bottom line: You need to ask the doctors what is your mother's current diagnosis, and what is the plan of treatment. Then, ask them what is her prognosis or outlook for the future state of her health.

Also, you need to find a health advocate in the hospital to help you (i.e. a nurse), or someone not affiliated with the hospital (to get an honest answer) -- maybe another doctor to give you a second opinion.

Questions
Here are some questions that you should be able to answer. If you can't answer them, seek the answers as soon as possible from the doctors and hospital staff.

How is your mother being treated by the doctors and the hospital? What kind of care is she receiving?

What doctors are treating your mother? cardiologist? neurologist? endocrinologist?  other specialty doctor?

Do they all agree on her diagnosis? If not, you need to find out why.

Is your mother totally unresponsive to external stimuli?

Does your mother respond to stimuli, with reactions such as movement or increased heart rate?

Can your mother see, hear, touch, and taste, but cannot respond?

Does she have a tube in her windpipe through the mouth, and hooked up to a breathing machine, or ventilator?

Does she have any other tubes or connections? If excess pressure in the brain caused the coma, doctors can relieve it by surgically placing a tube inside the skull and draining the fluid. A procedure called hyperventilation, which increases the rate of breathing to constrict blood vessels in the brain, can also relieve pressure. The doctor may also give the patient medication to prevent seizures. If a drug overdose or condition such as very low blood sugar is responsible for the coma, doctors attempt to correct this as soon as possible. Patients with acute ischemic strokes may undergo procedures or receive special clot-busting medication in an effort to restore blood flow to the brain.

Have they given her imaging scans, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or computed tomography (CT) scans, to look inside the brain and identify a tumor, pressure, and any signs of damage to the brain tissue?

Have they used an Electroencephalography (EEG) is a test used to detect any abnormalities in the brain's electrical activity. This can also show brain tumors, infections, and other conditions that might have caused the coma.

If the doctor suspects an infection such as meningitis, he may perform a spinal tap to make the diagnosis. To perform this test, a doctor inserts a needle into the patient's spine and removes a sample of cerebrospinal fluid for testing.

Coma patients are susceptible to pneumonia and other infections. Many comatose patients stay in the hospital's intensive care unit (ICU), where doctors and nurses can continually monitor them. People who are in a coma for a long time may receive physical therapy to prevent long-term muscle damage. Nurses will also move them periodically to prevent bedsores -- painful skin wounds caused by lying in one position for too long.

Coma patients receive nutrients and liquids through a vein or feeding tube so that they don't starve or dehydrate. Coma patients may also receive electrolytes  -- salt and other substances that help regulate body processes.

If a coma patient continues to be dependent on a ventilator to breathe, they may receive a special tube that goes directly into their windpipe through the front of the throat (a tracheotomy). The tracheotomy tube can be left in place for extended periods of time because it requires less maintenance and does not injure the soft tissues of the oral cavity and upper throat. Because patients who are in a coma can't urinate on their own, they will have a rubber tube called a catheter inserted directly into their bladder to remove the urine.  

The above list are some of the key ways that a coma patient is treated in a hospital. Check to ensure your mother is receiving maximum care in these areas.

And, don't forget to review the highlighted areas below in bold yellow -- these are areas that you and/or the doctors may want to review.

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The following information consists of the following sub-sections:
  • Causes of Coma
  • Pairs of Symptoms, i.e. Coma & Confusion; Coma & Shortness of Breadth, Coma & Diabetes
  • Drugs That Cause Coma
  • Questions to Ask Doctor

Causes of a Coma

The following medical conditions are some of the possible causes of Coma. There are likely to be other possible causes, so ask your doctor about your symptoms.

Coma: 709 causes

Causes of Coma listed in Disease Database:

Other medical conditions listed in the Disease Database as possible causes of Coma as a symptom include:
 
- (Source - Diseases Database)

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What are the causes of Coma?

The 2 major causes of a coma are trauma and metabolic/biochemical. Generally, coma is commonly a result of trauma, bleeding and/or swelling affecting the brain. Inadequate oxygen or blood sugar (glucose) and various poisons (including drugs) can also directly injure the brain to cause coma. Coma can also occur as with Mr. McCulley when there is an imbalance or heightened levels of electrolytes, biochemical and hormonal levels in the body.

Trauma

Minor head injuries can cause brief loss of consciousness, but the brain is able to turn itself back on. Similarly, patients with seizures become unconscious - but gradually waken relatively quickly. Those people who cannot respond after head injury usually have had significant force applied to their head and brain.
The skull is a rigid box that protects the brain. Unfortunately, if the brain is injured and begins to swell (edema), there is no room for the additional fluid. This causes the brain to push up against the sides of the skull and it then compresses. Unless the pressure is relieved, the brain will continue to swell until it pushes down onto the brain steam, which then damages the RAS, which subsequently affects blood pressure and breathing control centers.

The affect of trauma on the brain is not predictable. It may or may not cause significant injury. If the brain is shaken, shear injury may occur, where the nerve connections within the brain are damaged. Coma may occur even with a normal CT scan in this situation. Similarly, head trauma may cause swelling of the brain without any bleeding, and coma may be the result.

Head trauma can cause different types of brain injury. The injury can occur to the brain tissue itself or may cause bleeding to occur between the brain and the skull. Computerized Tomography (CT) of the head can identify most bleeding from trauma.

Bleeding (Hemorrhage)

Intracerebral hemorrhage (intra= within + cerebral=brain + hemorrhage=bleeding) may be small, but it is associated swelling that may cause damage.

Epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid hemorrhages

The lining of the brain has multiple layers, and these layers can act as potential spaces where bleeding can occur. Epidural (epi= outside the dura= an outer layer of brain lining) and subdural (sub=below the dura) may not cause coma immediately, but as the bleeding continues, it compresses the injured side of the brain and shifts it to the unaffected side. Now both cerebral hemispheres are affected and loss of consciousness or coma may occur; the more swelling, the deeper the coma.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (below the arachnoid layer) is in the layer of the brain lining where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is. CSF is the nutrient fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord. Bleeding here may be without symptoms or it may cause significant problems, such as paralysis.

Bleeding can occur within the skull or brain without trauma. Blood accumulating in areas it should not b,e result with the same problem. Some medical causes include:
  • Hypertension (high blood pressure): when blood pressure is too high, and not controlled, blood vessels in the brain may not be able to tolerate the high pressure and may leak blood.
  • Cerebral aneurysm, or an area in a blood vessel that is congenitally weak and ruptures. Some people are born with blood vessels that have a weak wall and it gradually balloons, like a weak spot in an inner tube. At some time in their life, or perhaps never, the weak spot gives way and blood is spilled into the brain.
  • Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are abnormal blood vessels where arteries connect to veins and cause potential weak spots that can leak blood. Normally, arteries branch into smaller and smaller vessels until they form the smallest set of vessels called capillaries. Capillaries form meshes where chemicals, nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged from the blood stream to individual cells. The capillaries then merge to form larger blood vessels, the veins. In AVMs, this relationship of artery to capillary to vein is abnormal.
  • Tumors, either benign or malignant, can be very vascular (composed of many veins and capillaries) and have significant bleeding potential.

Swelling

While trauma can make the brain swell, other types of injury or insult can cause cerebral edema (cerebral=brain + edema=swelling due to increased fluid). Whether the insult is lack of oxygen, abnormal electrolytes, or hormones, it may ultimately result in edema of the brain tissue. As with bleeding, the skull limits the space available for brain swelling to occur; thus the brain tissue is damaged and its function decreases the more it is compressed against the bones of the skull.

Lack of oxygen

The brain requires oxygen to function; and without it the brain shuts down. There is a very short time to get oxygen back to brain tissue before there is permanent damage. Most research suggests that the time window is four to six minutes.

The body provides oxygen to the brain through the lungs. The lungs extract oxygen from the air, hemoglobin in red blood cells pick up the oxygen, and the heart pumps blood through normal blood vessels to cells in the body. If any part of the system fails, the oxygen supply to the brain can be interrupted.
The most common failure occurs with heart rhythm disturbances. The coordinated electrical beat of the heart is lost and the heart muscle doesn't squeeze blood adequately; no blood is pumped to the brain and it stops functioning almost immediately.

Lungs can also fail; examples include pneumonia, emphysema, or asthma. In each case, inflammation in the lung tubes (bronchi or bronchioles) or lung tissue makes it difficult for oxygen to get into the lungs and transferred into the blood stream.

Hemoglobin, a molecule in the red blood cell, attaches oxygen from the lungs and delivers it to cells for use in metabolism. Anemia, or low red blood cell count, can cause the brain to fail directly, or more likely it causes other organs like the heart to fail. The heart, like any other muscle requires oxygen to function. Anemia can occur chronically or it can be due to an acute blood loss (examples include trauma, bleeding from the stomach). If the blood loss is slow, the body is better able to adapt and tolerate low hemoglobin levels; if the bleeding occurs quickly, the body may be unable to compensate, the result being inadequate oxygen supply to tissues such as the brain.

Hypoglycemic coma

All cells in the body need glucose and oxygen to perform their functions by aerobic metabolism (aerobic= with oxygen). While other parts of the body can continue for short periods of time anaerobically (an=without + aerobic+oxygen), the brain cannot. Without glucose, the brain stops.
Hypoglycemia (hypo=low + glyc=glucose + emia= blood) most often occurs in people with diabetes who have given themselves too much insulin or have not taken in enough food.

In normal physiology, the pancreas makes insulin and balances the amount it produces with the amount of glucose in the blood stream. Diabetics need to inject insulin into their body, or take medication to stimulate the pancreas to make insulin. Monitoring blood sugars is critical to avoid hypoglycemic coma.

Poisons (incl. Medications)

There are two sources of poisons that can affect the brain, those that we take in (through ingestion or inhaling) and those that the body generates and cannot dispose of in some way.

If the body can be considered a factory, it needs to have the ability to get rid of the waste products that are made when the body generates energy. These waste products can cause different organs in the body to fail, including the brain.

The liver performs many functions including glucose and protein manufacturing. It also breaks down and metabolizes chemicals in the body. When the liver fails different chemicals like ammonia can accumulate and can cause brain cells to stop functioning. Hepatic encephalopathy (hepatic=liver + encephalo=brain + pathy=disease) or hepatic coma occurs when the liver fails because of an acute or chronic injury. The most common is cirrhosis due to alcoholism.

The kidneys filter blood to rid the body of waste products. When the kidneys fail, a variety of waste products can accumulate in the bloodstream and cause direct or indirect damage to the brain. An example of indirect causes would be an elevated potassium level affecting heart electrical activity. Direct causes include uremia, where blood urea levels rise and are directly toxic to brain cells. Common causes of kidney failure include poorly controlled diabetes and high blood pressure.

The thyroid acts as the thermostat for the body and regulates the speed at which the body functions. If thyroid levels drop too low, gradually, over a period of time myxedema coma can occur because of profound hypothyroidism.

Ingestions can cause the brain to slow down, speed up or alter its perception of the world. Some ingestions may cause coma in an indirect way. Acetaminophen is a prime example, an overdose may cause the liver to fail and few days later subsequent hepatic coma occurs.

Alcohol is probably the most common cause of ingested poison or toxin, leading to altered mental status and coma. In acute alcohol intoxication, the brain is directly poisoned. Blood alcohol levels fall when metabolized by the liver, but depth of intoxication can be so great it shuts off many of the involuntary brain activities that control breathing and maintain muscle function. Opiates like pain pills or heroin can cause similar slowing of brain function.
Cocaine and amphetamines are the common "uppers" or brain stimulants. These brain stimulants cause an adrenaline-like body response, thus blood pressure and heart rate spiral out of control and the risk of heart attack, heart rhythm disturbances, or bleeding in the brain occur.

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Coma: Check Pairs of Symptoms

The list below shows all pairs of co-occurring symptoms for Coma for which we have cause information in our database. Each symptom link shows a list of diseases or conditions that have both symptoms. You can also select additional symptoms for more specificity.

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Conditions listing medical symptoms: Coma:

The following list of conditions have 'Coma' or similar listed as a symptom in our database. This computer-generated list may be inaccurate or incomplete. Always seek prompt professional medical advice about the cause of any symptom.

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Conditions listing medical complications: Coma:

The following list of medical conditions have 'Coma' or similar listed as a medical complication in our database. This computer-generated list of complications may be inaccurate or incomplete. Always seek prompt professional medical advice about the cause of any symptom.
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Drug side effect causes of Coma

The following drugs, medications, substances or toxins may possibly cause Coma as a side effect.

Drug interaction causes of Coma:

Drug interactions may be a possible cause of Coma.
  • Phenelzine and tricyclic antidepressant interaction
  • Nardil and tricyclic antidepressant interaction
  • Parnate and tricyclic antidepressant interaction
  • Meperidine and monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressant interaction
  • Demerol and monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressant interaction

Medications or substances causing Coma

The following drugs, medications, substances or toxins are some of the possible causes of Coma as a symptom.

This list is incomplete and various other drugs or substances may cause your symptoms (see Coma). Always advise your doctor of any medications or treatments you are using, including prescription, over-the-counter, supplements, herbal or alternative treatments.

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Diagnosis Checklist for Coma 

Questions Your Doctor May Ask - and Why!

During a consultation, your doctor will use various techniques in his assesment of the symptom: Coma. These may include a physical examination or other medical tests. Your doctor may ask several questions when assessing your condition. It is important to remember that your consultation is a two-way process and any extra information you can share with your doctor may help them with their diagnosis.
Some of the questions your doctor may ask are listed below:
  1. A history can be obtained from relatives, friends, witnesses and ambulance officers
  2. When did the comatose state start?
    Why: to determine if acute or chronic.
  3. What was the setting in which the person was found?
  4. Recent head injury?
    Why: e.g. car accident - may suggest subdural or extradural haematoma or intracerebral hemorrhage.
  5. Past medical history?
    Why: e.g. diabetes, hypothyroidism, hepatic failure, renal failure, heart arrhythmias, epilepsy, Addison's disease, high blood pressure, lung disease.
  6. If patient is diabetic
    Why: do they have insulin injections, have they had a recent infection, have they been eating properly? - may indicate risk of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemic ketoacidotic coma or hyperglycemic hyperosmolar non- ketotic coma.
  7. Past psychiatric illness?
    Why: e.g. depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder - may indicate increased risk of suicide attempt by overdose, carbon monoxide poisoning or other poisoning.
  8. Recent stress or personal problems?
    Why: may suggest increased risk of suicide attempt.
  9. Medications?
    Why: overdose of prescribed medication may be the cause e.g. tranquilizers, antidepressants, pain relief medications such as morphine.
  10. Illegal drug history?
    Why: may suggest drug overdose as cause of collapse e.g. heroin, amphetamines; may also be drug withdrawal e.g. benzodiazepines.
  11. Alcohol history?
    Why: may suggest acute alcohol intoxication, alcohol withdrawal or hepatic failure as cause.

Questions your doctor may ask about related symptoms:

Sometimes, other symptoms may be present and may help your doctor analyse your condition. These may include:
  1. Fever?
    Why: suggests severe infection and shock as cause of coma e.g. meningitis, encephalitis, septicemia, pelvic inflammatory disease, aspiration pneumonia, urinary tract infection, peritonitis, pancreatitis.
  2. Shortness of breath?
    Why: may suggest pulmonary embolism, pneumonia or tension pneumothorax.
  3. Seizure activity?
    Why: e.g. twitching of limbs, incontinence of urine or feces - may suggest epilepsy, brain cancer, meningitis, stroke, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia.
  4. Headache?
    Why: may suggest subarachnoid hemorrhage (sudden severe headache), brain tumor, meningitis, encephalitis.
  5. Palpitations?
    Why: may suggest complete heart block, sick sinus syndrome, ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation all which may cause collapse.
  6. Symptoms of stroke?
    Why: e.g. weakness of limbs, problems with speech or swallowing.
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Causes of Coma and Fever
http://symptoms.wrongdiagnosis.com/cosymptoms/coma/high-fever-desc.htm

Causes of Coma AND High fever

Results: 766 causes of Coma OR High fever

    1. 2-Methylbutyric Aciduria
     A very rare genetic disorder where an enzyme deficiency prevents the break down of certain proteins into energy and results in a harmful accumulation of acids in the blood and body tissues. More specifically, there is a deficiency of an enzyme (2-methylbu...more »
    2. 2-methylbutyryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency
     A very rare genetic disorder where an enzyme deficiency prevents the break down of certain proteins into energy and results in a harmful accumulation of acids in the blood and body tissues. More specifically, there is a deficiency of an enzyme (2-methylbu...more »
    3. 3 alpha methylcrotonyl-Coa carboxylase 1 deficiency
     A rare inherited disorder where lack of a certain enzyme (3-methylcrotonyl-Coa carboxylase) stops proteins with the amino acid leucine being metabolized normally by the body. The leucine builds up in the body and causes damage to the brain and nervous sys...more »
    4. 3 alpha methylcrotonyl-coa carboxylase 2 deficiency
     A rare inherited disorder where lack of a certain enzyme (3-methylcrotonyl-Coa carboxylase) stops proteins with the amino acid leucine being metabolized normally by the body. The leucine builds up in the body and causes damage to the brain and nervous sys...more »
    5. 3-alpha-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency
     A rare inherited form of biochemical disorder characterized by the deficiency of a particular enzyme (3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase). The enzyme deficiency only affects certain body tissues, in particular the skeletal muscles. The lack of enzyme activit...more »
    6. 3-alpha-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency
     A rare inherited form of biochemical disorder characterized by the deficiency of a particular enzyme (3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase). The enzyme deficiency only affects certain body tissues, in particular the skeletal muscles. The lack of enzyme activit...more »
    7. 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency
     A rare inherited disorder where lack of a certain enzyme (3-methylcrotonyl-Coa carboxylase) stops proteins with the amino acid leucine being metabolized normally by the body. The leucine builds up in the body and causes damage to the brain and nervous sys...more »
    8. Accelerated hypertension
     Accelerated hypertension is a condition characterized by a rapid increase in blood pressure. The condition is a medical emergency which can cause organ damage if not treated promptly....more »
    9. Acid-Base Imbalance
     A disruption to the normal acid-base equilibrium in the body. There are four main groups of disorder involving an acid-base imbalance: respiratory acidosis or alkalosis and metabolic acidosis or alkalosis. Obviously the severity of symptoms is determined ...more »
    10. Acidemia, isovaleric
     A rare genetic condition where the body can't process proteins adequately. More specifically, there are insufficient levels of the enzyme needed to break down an amino acid called leucine. This results in a build up of isovaleric acid which can harm the b...more »

    More causes » | Show All 766 Causes
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